Plots Styles

DataFrame.plot(.args,.kwargs) source ¶ Make plots of Series or DataFrame. Uses the backend specified by the option plotting.backend. By default, matplotlib is used. Start the PLOT command. Look at the Plot Style Table group in the upper-right corner of the Plot dialog box to see whether the list of available plot style tables has a CTB or STB extension. Notice in the illustration below, the list of available styles each have a STB extension.

The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories is a 2004 book by Christopher Booker containing a Jung-influenced analysis of stories and their psychological meaning. Booker worked on the book for thirty-four years.^[1]

Summary[edit]

The meta-plot[edit]

The meta-plot begins with the anticipation stage, in which the hero is called to the adventure to come. This is followed by a dream stage, in which the adventure begins, the hero has some success, and has an illusion of invincibility. However, this is then followed by a frustration stage, in which the hero has his first confrontation with the enemy, and the illusion of invincibility is lost. This worsens in the nightmare stage, which is the climax of the plot, where hope is apparently lost. Finally, in the resolution, the hero overcomes his burden against the odds.

The key thesis of the book: 'However many characters may appear in a story, its real concern is with just one: its hero. It is the one whose fate we identify with, as we see them gradually developing towards that state of self-realization which marks the end of the story. Ultimately it is in relation to this central figure that all other characters in a story take on their significance. What each of the other characters represents is really only some aspect of the inner state of the hero himself.'

The plots[edit]

Overcoming the Monster[edit]

Definition: The protagonist sets out to defeat an antagonistic force (often evil) which threatens the protagonist and/or protagonist's homeland.

Examples: Perseus, Theseus, Beowulf, Dracula, The War of the Worlds, Nicholas Nickleby, The Guns of Navarone, Seven Samurai (The Magnificent Seven), James Bond, Jaws, Star Wars, Attack on Titan.

Rags to Riches[edit]

Definition: The poor protagonist acquires power, wealth, and/or a mate, loses it all and gains it back, growing as a person as a result.

Examples: Cinderella, Aladdin, Jane Eyre, A Little Princess, Great Expectations, David Copperfield, The Prince and the Pauper, Brewster's Millions. The Jerk.

The Quest[edit]

Definition: The protagonist and companions set out to acquire an important object or to get to a location. They face temptations and other obstacles along the way.

Examples: The Iliad, The Pilgrim's Progress, The Lord Of The Rings, King Solomon's Mines, Six of Crows, Watership Down, Lightning Thief, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

Voyage and Return[edit]

Definition: The protagonist goes to a strange land and, after overcoming the threats it poses or learning important lessons unique to that location, they return with experience.

Examples: Ramayana, Odyssey, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Orpheus, The Time Machine, Peter Rabbit, The Hobbit, Brideshead Revisited, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Gone with the Wind, The Third Man, The Lion King, Back to the Future, The Midnight Gospel.

Comedy[edit]

Definition: Light and humorous character with a happy or cheerful ending; a dramatic work in which the central motif is the triumph over adverse circumstance, resulting in a successful or happy conclusion.^[2]Booker stresses that comedy is more than humor. It refers to a pattern where the conflict becomes more and more confusing, but is at last made plain in a single clarifying event. The majority of romance films fall into this category.

Examples: A Midsummer Night's Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth Night, Bridget Jones's Diary, Music and Lyrics, Sliding Doors, Four Weddings and a Funeral, The Big Lebowski.

Tragedy[edit]

Definition: The protagonist is a hero with a major character flaw or great mistake which is ultimately their undoing. Their unfortunate end evokes pity at their folly and the fall of a fundamentally good character.

Examples: Anna Karenina, Bonnie and Clyde, Carmen, Citizen Kane, John Dillinger, Jules et Jim, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Madame Bovary, Oedipus Rex, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Romeo and Juliet.

Rebirth[edit]

Definition: An event forces the main character to change their ways and often become a better individual.

Examples: Pride and Prejudice, The Frog Prince, Beauty and the Beast, The Snow Queen, A Christmas Carol, The Secret Garden, Peer Gynt, Groundhog Day.

The Rule of Three[edit]

'Again and again, things appear in threes . . .' There is rising tension and the third event becomes 'the final trigger for something important to happen'. We are accustomed to this pattern from childhood stories such as Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Cinderella, and Little Red Riding Hood. In adult stories, three can convey the gradual working out of a process that leads to transformation. This transformation can be downwards as well as upwards.Booker asserts that the Rule of Three is expressed in four ways:

1. The simple, or cumulative three, for example, Cinderella's three visits to the ball.
2. The ascending three, where each event is of more significance than the preceding, for example, the hero must win first bronze, then silver, then gold objects.
3. The contrasting three, where only the third has positive value, for example, The Three Little Pigs, two of whose houses are blown down by the Big Bad Wolf.
4. The final or dialectical form of three, where, as with Goldilocks and her bowls of porridge, the first is wrong in one way, the second in an opposite way, and the third is 'just right'. ^[3]

Precursors[edit]

• William Foster-Harris' The Basic Patterns of Plot sets out a theory of three basic patterns of plot.^[4]
• Ronald B. Tobias set out a twenty-plot theory in his 20 Master Plots.^[4]
• Georges Polti's The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations.^[4]
• Several of these plots can also be seen as reworkings of Joseph Campbell's work on the quest and return in The Hero with a Thousand Faces.

Reception[edit]

Scholars and journalists have had mixed responses to The Seven Basic Plots. Some have celebrated the book's audacity and breadth. The author and essayist Fay Weldon, for example, wrote the following (which is quoted on the front cover of the book): 'This is the most extraordinary, exhilarating book. It always seemed to me that 'the story' was God's way of giving meaning to crude creation. Booker now interprets the mind of God, and analyses not just the novel – which will never to me be quite the same again – but puts the narrative of contemporary human affairs into a new perspective. If it took its author a lifetime to write, one can only feel gratitude that he did it.'^[5]Beryl Bainbridge, Richard Adams, Ronald Harwood, and John Bayley also spoke positively of the work, while philosopher Roger Scruton described it as a 'brilliant summary of story-telling'.^[6]

Others have dismissed the book, criticizing especially Booker's normative conclusions. Novelist and literary critic Adam Mars-Jones, for instance, wrote, 'He sets up criteria for art, and ends up condemning Rigoletto, The Cherry Orchard, Wagner, Proust, Joyce, Kafka and Lawrence—the list goes on—while praising Crocodile Dundee, E.T. and Terminator 2'.^[7] Similarly, Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times writes, 'Mr. Booker evaluates works of art on the basis of how closely they adhere to the archetypes he has so laboriously described; the ones that deviate from those classic patterns are dismissed as flawed or perverse – symptoms of what has gone wrong with modern art and the modern world.'^[8]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Terminator 2 good, The Odyssey bad'. The Guardian. 2004-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
2. ^'the definition of comedy'. Dictionary.com.
3. ^Christopher Booker, The Seven Basic Plots, Continuum 2006, p 229-233
4. ^ ^abc'The 'Basic' Plots in Literature'. Archived from the original on 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2013-09-11.
5. ^'The Seven Basic Plots'. Bloomsbury. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
6. ^Scruton, Roger (February 2005). 'Wagner: moralist or monster?'. The New Criterion. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
7. ^Adam Mars-Jones 'Terminator 2 Good, The Odyssey Bad', The Observer, November 21, 2004, retrieved September 1, 2011.
8. ^Kakutani, Michiko (2005-04-15). 'The Plot Thins, or Are No Stories New?'. The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-11.

External links[edit]

Using graph styles, colors, titles and parameters in Indicators

AmiBroker provides customizable styles and colors of graphs in custom indicators. These features allow more flexibility in designing your indicators. This article will explain how to use styles and colors. It will also explain how to define chart title that appears at the top of the chart.

Plot() function

Plot is the function used to plot a chart. It takes 9 parameters, out of which first 3 are required.

Plot( array, name, color, style = styleLine, minvalue = Null, maxvalue = Null, XShift = 0, ZOrder = 0, width = 1 )

• array parameter represents data to be plotted,
  
• nameparameter defines the name of the graph (used in title string to show the values of the indicator),
  
• color parameter defines the color of plot,
  
• style defines 'the look' of the chart (i.e. line/histogram/candlestick/bar, etc). Default style is line.
  
• minvalue and maxvalue are rarely used paremeters that define hard-coded minimum and maximum values used when graph uses 'independent' scaling, i.e. styleOwnScale is specified in style parameter. Usually you don't need to specify them at all.
  
• XShift allows shifting chart past the last bar (for example displaced moving averages or projections into the future)
  
• ZOrder - defines the Z-axis position of given plot. The default is zero. Zorder = 0 means also where the 'grid' is located. So if you want to plot BEHIND the grid you need to specify negative zorder parameter.Plots are drawn in the following order:
  zorder parameter takes precedence over the order of calling Plot() functions, so if z-order is set, it determines plotting order. See this picture. If multiple plots use the same z-order parameter they are plotted in reverse call order (ones that appear last in the code are plotted first). This rule can be changed by already existing switch graphzorder = 1 which, when specified, reverses this behaviour (so plots are drawn in call order). Please note the above applies to each zorder 'layer' separately (so within same zorder 'layer' reverse call rule applies)
  
• width - (new in 5.60) defines pixel or percent width of given plot. The default is 1 pixel. Positive values specify PIXEL width, negative values specify width in percent of current bar width. So for example -20 will give you dynamic width that is 20% of bar width.

An example, the following single function call plots a RSI indicator with red color line:

Plot( RSI(14), 'My RSI', colorRed );

As you can see we have provided only first three (required) parameters. First parameter is the array we need to plot. In our example it is RSI(14) indicator. Second parameter is just the name. It can be any name you want. It will be displayed in the title line along with indicator value as shown in the picture below:

Third parameter is the color. To specify plot color you can use one of the following pre-defined constants:

You can easily plot multi colored charts using both Plot functions. All you need to do is to define array of color indexes.
In the following example MACD is plotted with green color when it is above zero and with red color when it is below zero.

dynamic_color = IIf( MACD() > 0, colorGreen, colorRed );
Plot( MACD(), 'My MACD', dynamic_color );

In addition to defining the color we can supply 4th parameter that defines style of plot. For example we can change previous MACD plot to thick histogram instead of line:

dynamic_color = IIf( MACD() > 0, colorGreen, colorRed );
Plot( MACD(), 'My MACD', dynamic_color, styleHistogram styleThick );

As you can see, multiple styles can be combined together using (binary-or) operator. (Note: the character can be typed by pressing backslash key ' while holding down SHIFT key). Resulting chart looks like this:

To plot candlestick chart we are using styleCandle constant, as in this example:

Plot( Close, 'Price', colorBlack, styleCandle );

To plot traditional bars with color (green up bars and red down bars) we just specify color depending on relationship between open and close price and styleBar in style argument:

Plot( Close, 'Price', IIf( Close > Open, colorGreen, colorRed ), styleBar styleThick );

All available style constants are summarized in the table below.

New styleCloud and styleClipMinMax styles bring new interesting possibilities shown in the sample image below:

The formula for chart in the middle pane (rainbow 24-bit multiple moving averages) looks as follows:

side = 1;
increment = Param('Increment',2, 1, 10, 1 );
for( i = 10; i < 80; i = i + increment )
{
up = MA( C, i );
down = MA( C, i + increment );
if( ParamToggle('3D effect?', 'No Yes', 1 ) )
side = IIf(up<=down ANDRef( up<=down, 1 ), 1, 0.6 );
PlotOHLC( up,up,down,down, 'MA'+i, ColorHSB( 3*(i - 10),
Param('Saturation', 128, 0, 255 ),
side * Param('Brightness', 255, 0, 255 ) ), styleCloud styleNoLabel );
}


The formula for the chart in the lower pane (slow stochastic %K with colored tops and bottoms) looks as follows. It uses styleClipMinMax to achieve clipping of the cloud region between min and max levels specified in the plot statement. Without this style area between min/max would be filled. Please note that due to Windows GDI limitation clipping region (styleClipMinMax) is supported only on raster (bitmap) devices so it is not compatible with printers or WMF (windows metafile) output.

SetChartOptions(0,0,ChartGrid30 ChartGrid70 );
r = StochK(14);
Plot( r, 'StochK', colorBlack );
PlotOHLC( r,r,50,r, ', IIf( r > 50, colorRed, colorGreen ), styleCloud styleClipMinMax, 30, 70 );


X-shift feature

The XShift parameter allows to displace (shift) the plot in horizontal direction by specified number of bars. This allows to plot displaced moving averages and projections into the future. See the following sample code of displaced moving average:

Periods = Param('Periods', 30, 2, 100 );
Displacement = Param('Displacement', 15, -50, 50 );
Plot( MA( C, Periods ), _DEFAULT_NAME(), ColorCycle, styleLine, 0, 0, Displacement );

PlotForeign() function

It is now easy to overlay price plots of multiple symbols using PlotForeign function:

PlotForeign( tickersymbol, name, color/barcolor, style = styleCandle styleOwnScale, minvalue = {empty}, maxvalue = {empty}, xshift = 0)

Plots the foreign-symbol price chart (symbol is defined by tickersymbol parameter). Second argument name defines graph name used for displaying values in a title bar. Graph color could be static (if third argument is a number) or dynamic (when third argument is an array). Color indexes are related to the current palette (see Preferences/Color)
style defines chart plot style (see Plot() function for possible values)

PlotForeign( '^DJI', 'Dow Jones', colorRed );
PlotForeign( '^NDX', 'Nasdaq 100', colorBlue );
PlotForeign( '^IXIC', 'Nasdaq Composite', colorGreen );

Multiple plots using different scaling

Two new styles can be used to plot multiple graphs using different Y-scale: styleOwnScale and styleLeftAxisScale.

It also makes it easy to plot 2 or more 'own scale' plots with the same scaling:

minimum = LastValue( Lowest( Volume ) );
maximum = LastValue( Highest( Volume ) );

Plot( Close, 'Price', colorBlue, styleCandle );

/* two plots below use OwnScale but the scale is common because we set min and max values of Y axis */
Plot( Volume, 'Volume', colorGreen, styleHistogram styleThick styleOwnScale, minimum, maximum );
Plot( MA( Volume, 15 ), 'MA volume', colorRed, styleLine styleOwnScale, minimum, maximum );

New style: styleLeftAxisScale = 65536 - allows to plot more than one graph using common scaling but different from regular (right axis) scale.
Example: price plot plus volume and moving average plot:

// Plot price plot and its moving average
Plot( Close, 'Price', colorWhite, styleCandle );
Plot( MA( Close, 20 ), 'MAC', colorRed );

// Now plot volume and its moving average using left-hand axis scaling
Plot( Volume , 'Volume', colorBlue, styleLeftAxisScale styleHistogram styleThick );
Plot( MA( Volume,15), 'MAV', colorLightBlue, styleLeftAxisScale );

New parameters make it also easy to plot ribbons, for example:

Plot( Close, 'Price', colorBlue, styleCandle );
Plot( 2, /* defines the height of the ribbon in percent of pane width */
'Ribbon',
IIf( up, colorGreen, IIf( down, colorRed, 0 )), /* choose color */
styleOwnScale styleArea styleNoLabel, -0.5, 100 );

Using custom defined parameters

AmiBroker allows to create user-defined parameters. Such parameters are then available via Parameters dialog for quick and fast adjustment of indicator.

Most often used parameter functions are (click on the links to get more detailed description):

• Param( 'name', default, min, max, steps, incr = 0 )
• ParamStr( 'name', 'default' );
• ParamColor( 'name', defaultcolor );
• ParamStyle('name', defaultval = styleLine, mask = maskDefault )
  

They make it possible to define your own parameters in your indicators. Once Param functions are included in the formula you can right click over chart pane and select 'Parameters' or press Ctrl+R, and change them via Parameters dialog and get immediate response.

The simplest case looks like this:

period = Param('RSI period', 12, 2, 50, 1 );
Plot( RSI( period ), 'RSI( ' + period + ') ', colorRed );

Right click over the chart and choose 'Parameters' and move the slider and you will see RSI plotted with different periods immediatelly as you move the slider.

Sample code below shows how to use ParamStr to get the ticker symbol and ParamColor to get colors.

ticker = ParamStr( 'Ticker', 'MSFT' );
sp = Param( 'MA Period', 12, 2, 100 );
PlotForeign( ticker, 'Chart of '+ticker,
ParamColor( 'Price Color', colorBlack ), styleCandle );
Plot( MA( Foreign( ticker, 'C' ), sp ), 'MA', ParamColor( 'MA Color', colorRed ) );

The following sample formula (from AmiBroker mailing list) that allows to visually align price peak/troughs with sine curve on the chart:

Cycle = Param('Cycle Months', 12, 1, 12, 1 )*22;//26412mth,221mth
xfactor = Param('Stretch',1,0.1,2,0.1);//11yr,22yr
xshift = Param('slide',0,-22,22,2)/3.1416^2;//slide curve 15days
x = 2*3.1416/Cycle/xfactor;
y = sin(Cum(x)-xshift);
Plot(C,'Daily Chart', colorBlack, styleCandle styleNoLabel);
Plot(y,
'cycle =' + WriteVal(Cycle*xfactor/22,1.0)+'months',
colorBlue,styleLine styleNoLabel styleOwnScale);

Right click over the chart and choose 'Parameters' and move the sliders and you will see chart immediatelly reflecting your changes.

For more information on user-definable parameters please check also Tutorial: Using drag-and-drop interface

Plotting texts at arbitrary positions on the chart

AmiBroker now allows annotation of the chart with text placed on any x, y position specified on the formula level using new PlotText function.

PlotText( 'text', x, y, color, bkcolor = colorDefault )

where
x - is x-coordinate in bars (like in LineArray)
y - is y-coordinate in dollars

color is text color, bkcolor is background color. If bkcolor is NOT specified (or equal to colorDefault) text is written with TRANSPARENT background, any other value causes solid background with specified background color

Example:

Plot(C,'Price', colorBlack, styleLine );
Plot(MA(C,20),'MA20', colorRed );
Buy=Cross( C, MA(C,20 ) );
Sell= Cross( MA( C, 20 ), C );
dist = 1.5*ATR(10);
for( i = 0; i < BarCount; i++ )
{
if( Buy[i] ) PlotText( 'Buyn@' + C[ i ], i, L[ i ]-dist[i], colorGreen );
if( Sell[i] ) PlotText( 'Selln@' + C[ i ], i, H[ i ]+dist[i], colorRed, colorYellow );
}
PlotShapes( Buy * shapeUpArrow + Sell * shapeDownArrow, IIf( Buy, colorGreen, colorRed ) );

Gradient fill of the background

AmiBroker 4.90 allows to fill indicator background with gradually changing color. To achieve this you need to use new function SetChartBkGradientFill( topcolor, bottomcolor, titlebkcolor = default )

The function enables background gradient color fill in indicators.
Please note that this is independent from chart background color (background color fills entire pane, gradient fill is only for actual chart interior, so axes area is not affected by gradient fill). Parameters are as follows:

topcolor - specifies top color of the gradient fill
bottomcolor - specifies bottom color of the gradient fill
titlebkcolor - (optional) the background color of title text. If not specified then top color is automatically used for title background.
Example:

SetChartBkGradientFill( ParamColor('BgTop', colorWhite),ParamColor('BgBottom', colorLightYellow));

Gradient fill area charts

Version 5.60 brings native gradient area charts. To display a simple gradient chart it is enough to use styleGradient in the Plot() function call. By default upper gradient color is specified by color parameter in Plot() function, bottom gradient color is either background color. styleGradient can be combined with styleLine.

Plot Styles Cad

A simple gradient area chart can be displayed using:

Plot( C, 'C', colorDefault, styleGradient styleLine );

For detailed control over gradient colors and baseline there is an extra function SetGradientFill( topcolor, bottomcolor, baseline, baselinecolor ) that should be called before Plot().

When you use SetGradientFill function, the upper gradient color is specified by topcolor argument, bottom gradient color is specified by botttomcolor. Optional parameters (baseline/baselinecolor) allow reverse gradient chart (such as underwater equity) and 3 color gradients top->baseline->bottom. See code for Underwater Equity for example usage of reverse gradient chart (with baseline at the top). Baseline parameter specifies the Y-axis position of chart baseline. The baselinecolor parameter specifies the color of gradient that is to be used at that level. If baselinecolor is not specified, then only 2-color gradient is plotted (topcolor->bottomcolor).

For example to display three-color gradient Rate Of Change that will use green as 'top' color for positive values, background color as 'baseline' color and red as 'bottom' color for negative values it is enough to write:

SetGradientFill( colorGreen/*top*/, colorRed/*bottom*/, 0/*baseline level*/, GetChartBkColor() /*baseline color */);
Plot( ROC( C, 14), 'ROC', colorLightOrange, styleLine styleGradient, Null, Null, 0, -1 );

The resulting chart will look as follows (using Basic chart theme):

Super thick charts

Version 5.60 allows to define the line width beyond styleThick that was the only option before.

Plot Styles In Revit

Now 9th parameter of Plot() defines pixel or percent width of given plot. The default is 1 pixel. Positive values specify pixel width, negative values specify width in percent of current bar width. So for example -20 will give you dynamic width that is 20% of bar width. Example:

Plot( C, 'Close', colorDefault, styleBar, Null, Null, 0, 1, -20/* line width as percent of bar */ );

As you zoom-in the bars will become thicker and thicker.

Now you can get super thick lines as shown in the example below (10-pixel thick line chart):

Plot( C, 'Close', colorRed, styleLine, Null, Null, 0, 1, 10/* 10 pixel wide */ );

Miscellaneous

As you already know each plot has its own name that is used to create a title string which displays names and values of indicators. AmiBroker however allows you to override this automatic mechanism and define your own title string from the scratch. The Title reserved variable is used for that. You just assign a string to it and it will be displayed in the chart instead of automatically generated one.

Where Does Autocad Save Plot Styles

Also there two more reserved variables (GraphXSpace and GraphZOrder) that allow to fine-tune indicator look.

They are all described in the table below.

Obsolete graph variables

This table shows obsolete reserved variables. They are still functional for backward-compatibility but new code should use Plot() functions only. What's more, when using new Plot() functions you should NOT use obsolete variables below.

Matplotlib Plot Styles

Autocad Plot Style Path